[21], Mitchell viewed the plan as unrealistic. "[63][64] He needed to allow Bork to appoint a new special prosecutor; Bork chose Leon Jaworski to continue the investigation. This information became the bombshell that helped force Richard Nixon to resign rather than be impeached. The Counsel to the President, John Dean, has also resigned. Image of women with children watching Senate Watergate Hearings on televisions in a Sears department store in Los Angeles, California, 1973. [14] The metonym Watergate came to encompass an array of clandestine and often illegal activities undertaken by members of the Nixon administration, including bugging the offices of political opponents and people of whom Nixon or his officials were suspicious; ordering investigations of activist groups and political figures; and using the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the Internal Revenue Service as political weapons. The three lawmakers told Nixon that his support in Congress had all but disappeared. Er deckte zusammen mit Bob Woodward als Reporter der Washington Post die Hintergründe der Watergate-Affäre auf. [46], Nixon and top administration officials discussed using government agencies to "get" (or retaliate against) those they perceived as hostile media organizations. After the five perpetrators were arrested, the press and the U.S. Justice Department connected the cash found on them at the time to the Nixon re-election campaign committee. Second, the ABA promulgated a requirement that law students at ABA-approved law schools take a course in professional responsibility (which means they must study the MRPC). [117] On November 2, 2012, Watergate trial records for G. Gordon Liddy and James McCord were ordered unsealed by Federal Judge Royce Lamberth. [145], In June 1973, when Chairman Leonid Brezhnev arrived in the United States to have a one-week meeting with Nixon,[146] Brezhnev told the press, "I do not intend to refer to that matter—[the Watergate]. Der größten politischen Skandale in der US-amerikanischen Geschichte.Der Skandal wurde während des Präsidentschaftswahlkampfes von 1972 vom Wahlkampfkomitee Präsident Richard Nixon ausgelöst. [37][38] Following conviction for his role in the Watergate burglary, in February 1975, McCord admitted that Mitchell had been "basically kidnapped", and corroborated her reports of the event.[39]. What he wanted to know was whether or not my overall assessment of the situation agreed with his. Dean mentioned this observation while testifying to the Senate Committee on Watergate, exposing the thread of what were taped conversations that would unravel the fabric of the conspiracy. [84] The tape, which Barber Conable referred to as a "smoking gun", proved that Nixon had been involved in the cover-up from the beginning. On August 5, 1974, the White House released a previously unknown audio tape from June 23, 1972. According to Time magazine, the Republican Party leaders in the Western U.S. felt that while there remained a significant number of Nixon loyalists in the party, the majority believed that Nixon should step down as quickly as possible. Recorded only a few days after the break-in, it documented the initial stages of the cover-up: it revealed Nixon and Haldeman had conducted a meeting in the Oval Office during which they discussed how to stop the FBI from continuing its investigation of the break-in, as they recognized that there was a high risk that their position in the scandal may be revealed. He asked for the resignation of Attorney General Kleindienst, to ensure no one could claim that his innocent friendship with Haldeman and Ehrlichman could be construed as a conflict. Bernstein wurde darin von Dustin Hoffman dargestellt. The next day, on July 30, 1974, the Committee recommended the third article: contempt of Congress. ", Time, March 11, 1974, "The Nation: The Other Nixon Men", Theodore Schneyer, "Professionalism as Politics: The Making of a Modern Legal Ethics Code", in, "Follow The Money: On The Trail Of Watergate Lore", NPR, June 16, 2012. A few days later, Nixon's Press Secretary, Ron Ziegler, described the event as "a third-rate burglary attempt". Woodward and Bernstein interviewed Judy Hoback Miller, the bookkeeper for Nixon's re-election campaign, who revealed to them information about the mishandling of funds and records being destroyed. John Mitchell instructed guards in her security detail to not let her contact the media. On April 5, 1974, Dwight Chapin, the former Nixon appointments secretary, was convicted of lying to the grand jury. In der Nacht des 17. When Congress investigated the scope of the president's legal powers, it belatedly found that consecutive presidential administrations had declared the United States to be in a continuous open-ended state of emergency since 1950. In his opinion, her knowing McCord was likely to link the Watergate burglary to Nixon. On September 15, Nixon congratulated Dean, saying, "The way you've handled it, it seems to me, has been very skillful, because you—putting your fingers in the dikes every time that leaks have sprung here and sprung there. After this, Gerald Ford, his vice-president, became the President by default. [60] Bork carried out the presidential order and dismissed the special prosecutor. Juni 1972 verhaftete die Washingtoner Polizei im „Watergate“-Gebäude fünf Personen, die in das Hauptquartier der Demokratischen Partei eingebrochen waren. Based on a previous interview in 1968,[120] he believed that Frost would be an easy interviewer and was taken aback by Frost's incisive questions. They haven't been isolationist in practice. It would be completely indecent for me to refer to it ... My attitude toward Mr. Nixon is of very great respect." Only in this way would the issuing banks not be held liable for the unauthorized and improper release of funds from their customers' accounts. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watergate_scandal&oldid=7183652, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. Several major revelations and egregious presidential action against the investigation later in 1973 prompted the House to commence an impeachment process against Nixon. [47] The White House also sought to isolate the Post's coverage by tirelessly attacking that newspaper while declining to criticize other damaging stories about the scandal from the New York Times and Time Magazine. [139] According to Thai then–Prime Minister Kukrit Pramoj of Thailand in July 1975, Chairman Mao Zedong called the Watergate scandal "the result of 'too much freedom of political expression in the U.S.'"[140] Mao called it "an indication of American isolationism, which he saw as 'disastrous' for Europe". "[142] An unnamed Kenyan senior official of Foreign Affairs Ministry accused Nixon of lacking interest in Africa and its politics and then said, "American President is so enmeshed in domestic problems created by Watergate that foreign policy seems suddenly to have taken a back seat [sic]. On March 1, 1974, a grand jury in Washington, D.C., indicted several former aides of Nixon, who became known as the "Watergate Seven"—H. He also disavowed any knowledge whatsoever of the five burglars. Time magazine described Nixon as undergoing "daily hell and very little trust". He is vacillating. Um... Persönlichkeiten der Automobilindustrie. Nixon urged the FBI to press forward with the investigation when they expressed concern about interference.[83]. In the past few days, however, it has become evident to me that I no longer have a strong enough political base in the Congress to justify continuing that effort. [29], The following morning, Sunday, June 18, G. Gordon Liddy called Jeb Magruder in Los Angeles and informed him that "the four men arrested with McCord were Cuban freedom fighters, whom Howard Hunt recruited". He is willing to be led. The burglars were tried by a jury, with Judge John Sirica officiating, and pled guilty or were convicted on January 30, 1973.[32]. The issue of access to the tapes went to the United States Supreme Court. In his autobiography A Time to Heal, Ford wrote about a meeting he had with Nixon's Chief of Staff, Alexander Haig. On that same day, U.S. attorneys told Nixon that Haldeman, Ehrlichman, Dean, and other White House officials were implicated in the cover-up. [28] The burglars' sentry across the street, Alfred Baldwin, was distracted watching TV and failed to observe the arrival of the police car in front of the hotel. by the last one, California). On April 13, Magruder told U.S. attorneys that he had perjured himself during the burglars' trial, and implicated John Dean and John Mitchell. He could try to ride out the impeachment and fight against conviction in the Senate all the way, or he could resign. I have never been a quitter. Nixon created a new conspiracy—to effect a cover-up of the cover-up—which began in late March 1973 and became fully formed in May and June 1973, operating until his presidency ended on August 9, 1974. Watergate prosecutor James Neal was sure that Nixon had not known in advance of the break-in. Nixon's conversation with Haldeman on August 1, is one of several that establishes he did. According to Dean, this marked "the opening scene of the worst political scandal of the twentieth century and the beginning of the end of the Nixon presidency". So verfasste er eine Biografie über Papst Johannes Paul II. The involvement of others. Bob Woodward ist eine Ikone des investigativen Journalismus. The distrust between the press and the Nixon administration was mutual and greater than usual due to lingering dissatisfaction with events from the Vietnam War. In den 70er Jahren deckte er den Watergate-Skandal auf und brachte US-Präsident Nixon zu Fall. '"[81], Nixon approved the plan, and after he was given more information about the involvement of his campaign in the break-in, he told Haldeman: "All right, fine, I understand it all. 803 giving the Judiciary Committee authority to investigate impeachment of the President. With his complicity in the cover-up made public and his political support completely eroded, Nixon resigned from office on August 9, 1974. With Nixon's resignation, Congress dropped its impeachment proceedings. [36] Mitchell reported that, during the week following the Watergate burglary, she had been held captive in the Watergate Complex hotel, and that security guard Steve King ended her call to Thomas by pulling the phone cord from the wall. The FBI found no evidence that O'Brien's phone was bugged;[citation needed] however, it was determined that an effective listening device was installed in Oliver's phone. The Watergate scandal was a scandal during and after the 1972 Presidential Election. Er wurde am 14. Haig emphasized that these weren't his suggestions. That's all there is to that. Other types of disclosures, such as releasing recent income tax forms, became expected, though not legally required. To continue to fight through the months ahead for my personal vindication would almost totally absorb the time and attention of both the President and the Congress in a period when our entire focus should be on the great issues of peace abroad and prosperity without inflation at home. In the end, Dean and the FBI's Acting Director L. Patrick Gray (in separate operations) destroyed the evidence from Hunt's safe. Felt warned Woodward that the FBI wanted to know where he and other reporters were getting their information, as they were uncovering a wider web of crimes than the FBI first disclosed. [emphasis in original] ... Next he asked if I had any suggestions as to courses of actions for the President. Prior to resigning from the FBI on June 22, 1973, Felt also anonymously planted leaks about Watergate with Time magazine, the Washington Daily News and other publications. [1][2] Further investigations, along with revelations during subsequent trials of the burglars, led the U.S. House of Representatives to grant its judiciary committee additional investigation authority to probe into "certain matters within its jurisdiction",[3][4] and the U.S. Senate to create a special investigative committee. (Then-Justice William Rehnquist—who had recently been appointed to the Court by Nixon and most recently served in the Nixon Justice Department as Assistant Attorney General of the Office of Legal Counsel—recused himself from the case.) [77][78] On July 27, 1974, the House Judiciary Committee voted 27-to-11 to recommend the first article of impeachment against the president: obstruction of justice. Die Watergate-Affäre war später Vorbild für den Film Die Unbestechlichen. The grand jury secretly named Nixon as an unindicted co-conspirator. 2 Jahre alt. "[67] The Senate Republican Leader Hugh Scott said the transcripts revealed a "deplorable, disgusting, shabby, and immoral" performance on the part of the President and his former aides. Therefore, I shall resign the Presidency effective at noon tomorrow. Presidents since Franklin D. Roosevelt had recorded many of their conversations but the practice purportedly ended after Watergate. "[144] Moreover, Lee said that the scandal may have led the United States to lessen its interests and commitments in world affairs, to weaken its ability to enforce the Paris Peace Accords on Vietnam, and to not react to violations of the Accords. [citation needed] Instead, Nichter sided with late journalist J. Anthony Lukas of The New York Times, who had concluded that the committee was seeking to find evidence linking the Democrats to prostitution, as it was alleged that Oliver's office had been used to arrange such meetings. While successful with installing the listening devices, the Committee agents soon determined that they needed repairs. [85], The release of the "smoking gun" tape destroyed Nixon politically. The resulting Senate Watergate hearings were broadcast "gavel-to-gavel" nationwide by PBS and aroused public interest. [115] They were released in their entirety on November 10, 2011, although the names of people still alive were redacted. Der politische Betrieb der USA war größere Skandale gewohnt. Liddy, in turn, gave the money to Barker and attempted to hide its origin. When one reporter suggested that Nixon and his position with Brezhnev were "weakened" by the scandal, Brezhnev replied, "It does not enter my mind to think whether Mr. Nixon has lost or gained any influence because of the affair." From the discussions I have had with Congressional and other leaders, I have concluded that because of the Watergate matter I might not have the support of the Congress that I would consider necessary to back the very difficult decisions and carry out the duties of this office in the way the interests of the Nation would require. On the night of August 7, 1974, Senators Barry Goldwater and Hugh Scott and Congressman Rhodes met with Nixon in the Oval Office. In the week before Nixon's resignation, Ehrlichman and Haldeman tried unsuccessfully to get Nixon to grant them pardons—which he had promised them before their April 1973 resignations. John Mitchell knew that Martha knew McCord, one of the Watergate burglars who had been arrested, and that upon finding out she was likely to speak to the media. Vice President Gerald Ford said, "While it may be easy to delete characterization from the printed page, we cannot delete characterization from people's minds with a wave of the hand. [46], Applications to journalism schools reached an all-time high in 1974.[46]. [89] In a nationally televised address from the Oval Office on the evening of August 8, 1974, the president said, in part: In all the decisions I have made in my public life, I have always tried to do what was best for the Nation. On September 8, 1974, Nixon's successor, Gerald Ford, pardoned him. In the two world wars, the Americans came [in] very late, but all the same, they did come in. Smith, Ronald D. and Richter, William Lee. [115], On July 29, 2011, U.S. District Judge Royce Lamberth granted Kutler's request, saying historical interests trumped privacy, especially considering that Nixon and other key figures were deceased, and most of the surviving figures had testified under oath, have been written about, or were interviewed. [133], James F. Neal, who prosecuted the Watergate 7, did not believe Nixon had ordered the break-in because of Nixon's surprised reaction when he was told about it. Haldeman In The Oval Office On June 23, 1972 From 10:04 To 11:39 a.m.", "Martha Mitchell: the Day the Laughing Stopped", "Trump Ambassador Beat and 'Kidnapped' Woman in Watergate Cover-Up: Reports", "McCord Declares That Mrs. Mitchell Was Forcibly Held", "John N. Mitchell Dies at 75; Major Figure in Watergate", "Covering Watergate: Success and Backlash", "The Nation: More Evidence: Huge Case for Judgment", "The Nixon Years: Down from the Mountaintop", "Sequels: Nixon: Once More, with Feeling", "Select Chronology for Donald G. Sanders", "Bork Irked by Emphasis on His Role in Watergate", "Nixon, Watergate and Walt Disney World? [150] Kissinger told the National Press Club in January 1977 that Nixon's presidential powers weakened during his tenure, thus (as rephrased by the media) "prevent[ing] the United States from exploiting the [scandal]". Derweil Hunt bis April 1972 weiter offiziell fürs Weiße Haus arbeitete, wechselte Liddy in die Dienste von Nixons Wiederwahlkomitee. The special prosecutor dissuaded them from an indictment of Nixon, arguing that a President can be indicted only after he leaves office. Mr. Barker's multiple national and international businesses all had separate bank accounts, which he was found to have attempted to use to disguise the true origin of the money being paid to the burglars. [28] The police apprehended five men, later identified as Virgilio Gonzalez, Bernard Barker, James McCord, Eugenio Martínez, and Frank Sturgis. [116], Texas A&M University–Central Texas professor Luke Nichter wrote the chief judge of the federal court in Washington to release hundreds of pages of sealed records of the Watergate Seven. On Monday, July 16, in front of a live, televised audience, chief minority counsel Fred Thompson asked Butterfield whether he was "aware of the installation of any listening devices in the Oval Office of the president". The press ran photos of the set-up, showing that it was unlikely for Woods to answer the phone while keeping her foot on the pedal. ", "When Judge Sirica finished reading the letter, the courtroom exploded with excitement and reporters ran to the rear entrance to phone their newspapers. The banks that had originated the checks were keen to ensure the depository institution used by Barker had acted properly in ensuring the checks had been received and endorsed by the check's payee, before its acceptance for deposit in Bernard Barker's account. Lee then blamed the scandal for economic inflation in Singapore because the Singapore dollar was pegged to the United States dollar at the time, assuming the U.S. dollar was stronger than the British pound sterling. He said that the Nixon family's situation "is an American tragedy in which we all have played a part. "[22], Martha Mitchell was the wife of Nixon's Attorney General, John N. Mitchell, who had recently resigned his role so that he could become campaign manager for Nixon's Committee for the Re-Election of the President (CRP). [10][11] The House Judiciary Committee then approved articles of impeachment against Nixon for obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and contempt of Congress. [149], After the fall of Saigon ended the Vietnam War, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger said in May 1975 that, if the scandal had not caused Nixon to resign, and Congress had not overridden Nixon's veto of the War Powers Resolution, North Vietnam would not have captured South Vietnam. Nixon furthermore said, "I can say categorically that ... no one in the White House staff, no one in this Administration, presently employed, was involved in this very bizarre incident." But the interest of the Nation must always come before any personal considerations. He further said, "Do Americans really want to go isolationist? All parties involved agreed that all pertinent information should be released. ", Time, June 24, 1977, "The Law: Watergate Bargains: Were They Necessary? Play it tough. "[81][82], Nixon denied that this constituted an obstruction of justice, as his instructions ultimately resulted in the CIA truthfully reporting to the FBI that there were no national security issues. [47][1], After it was learned that one of the convicted burglars wrote to Judge Sirica alleging a high-level cover-up, the media shifted its focus. Those individuals were the Committee bookkeeper and its treasurer, Hugh Sloan. On July 30, 1974, Nixon complied with the order and released the subpoenaed tapes to the public. Aided by the Public Citizen Litigation Group, the historian Stanley Kutler, who has written several books about Nixon and Watergate and had successfully sued for the 1996 public release of the Nixon White House tapes,[114] sued for release of the transcripts of the Nixon grand jury testimony. Hughes wanted Donald Nixon and Meier involved but Nixon opposed this. [113], On June 24 and 25, 1975, Nixon gave secret testimony to a grand jury. Haig told Ford that some of Nixon's staff suggested that Nixon could agree to resign in return for an agreement that Ford would pardon him. The U.S. Congress could not impeach him if he resigned. [1][45], During this early period, most of the media failed to understand the full implications of the scandal, and concentrated reporting on other topics related to the 1972 presidential election. Ehrlichman entered prison in 1976, followed by the other two in 1977. In 1976, the U.S. Court of Appeals ordered a new trial for Mardian; subsequently, all charges against him were dropped. The Watergate scandal left such an impression on the national and international consciousness that many scandals since then have been labeled with the "-gate suffix". [92] In a televised broadcast to the nation, Ford explained that he felt the pardon was in the best interest of the country. With Douglas Hodge, Stewart Alexander, Richard Ben-Veniste, Russell Bentley. [citation needed], On May 11, McCord arranged for Baldwin, whom investigative reporter Jim Hougan described as "somehow special and perhaps well known to McCord",[citation needed] to stay at the Howard Johnson's motel across the street from the Watergate complex. "A New Explanation of Watergate", by J. Anthony Lukas, This page was last edited on 25 November 2020, at 17:17. He claimed that there were no political motivations in his instructions to the CIA, and claimed he had no knowledge before March 21, 1973, of involvement by senior campaign officials such as John Mitchell. These people listened to phone lines and secret papers were stolen. Liddy was nominally in charge of the operation,[citation needed] but has since insisted that he was duped by both Dean and at least two of his subordinates, which included former CIA officers E. Howard Hunt and James McCord, the latter of whom was serving as then-CRP Security Coordinator after John Mitchell had by then resigned as Attorney General to become the CRP chairman. He displays dismaying gaps in knowledge. [99][100][101], The Watergate scandal resulted in 69 government officials being charged and 48 being found guilty, including:[14], To defuse public demand for direct federal regulation of lawyers (as opposed to leaving it in the hands of state bar associations or courts), the American Bar Association (ABA) launched two major reforms. [127], Based on these revelations, Texas A&M history professor Luke Nichter, who had successfully petitioned for the release of the information,[129] argued that Woodward and Bernstein were incorrect in concluding, based largely on Watergate burglar James McCord's word, that the purpose of the break-in was to bug O'Brien's phone to gather political and financial intelligence on the Democrats.

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