[7], The disparity between the most and least populous states has grown since the Connecticut Compromise, which granted each state two members of the Senate and at least one member of the House of Representatives, for a total minimum of three presidential electors, regardless of population. Senate procedure depends not only on the rules, but also on a variety of customs and traditions. Neither executive agreements nor congressional-executive agreements are mentioned in the Constitution, leading some scholars such as Laurence Tribe and John Yoo[64] to suggest that they unconstitutionally circumvent the treaty-ratification process. This has caused some news media to confuse the 60 votes needed to overcome a filibuster with the 51 votes needed to approve a bill, with for example USA Today erroneously stating "The vote was 58–39 in favor of the provision establishing concealed carry permit reciprocity in the 48 states that have concealed weapons laws. Die wahlberechtigten Bürger der USA wählen … The Senate uses Standing Rules for operation. Since the 1950s, vice presidents have presided over few Senate debates. There is no constitutional limit to the number of terms a senator may serve. Dabei standen 35 der 100 Senatssitze zur Wahl, regulär die 33 Senatoren der Klasse II und Nachwahlen in Arizona (für das Mandat des verstorbenen John McCain) und in Georgia (für den Sitz des … In addition, the president sometimes withdraws nominations when they appear unlikely to be confirmed. There are presently three Senate office buildings located along Constitution Avenue, north of the Capitol. Präsidenten der USA geschafft. Die Bezeichnung leitet sich vom Römischen Senat ab, der Sitz befindet sich im Nordflügel des Kapitols in Washington, D.C. Other employees include the chaplain, who is elected by the Senate, and pages, who are appointed. Furthermore, each standing committee considers presidential nominations to offices related to its jurisdiction. Legislation is referred to some of these committees, although the bulk of legislative work is performed by the standing committees. The Senate maintains a Senate Calendar and an Executive Calendar. Bei der Wahl im Jahr 2020 wurden insgesamt 35 Sitze neu gewählt. In November 1972, Joe Biden was elected to the Senate at the age of 29, but he reached his 30th birthday before the swearing-in ceremony for incoming senators in January 1973. Under the Twelfth Amendment, the Senate has the power to elect the vice president if no vice presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College. [9], Article Five of the Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that state's consent. [23] Congress has prescribed the following oath for all federal officials (except the President), including senators: I, ___ ___, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. The staggering of terms has been arranged such that both seats from a given state are not contested in the same general election, except when a vacancy is being filled. Usage Policy   |   The District of Columbia and Puerto Rico each additionally elect two "shadow senators", but they are officials of their respective local governments and not members of the U.S. Such an occurrence, however, has not been repeated since. This provision, which came into force soon after the end of the Civil War, was intended to prevent those who had sided with the Confederacy from serving. In Maine, following two ballot initiatives in 2016 and 2018, respectively, to establish and maintain instant-runoff voting (IRV), known in that state as "ranked-choice voting", the state uses IRV to nominate and elect candidates for federal offices, including the Senate. 3: Master of the Senate, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, The United States Senate Official Website, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774 to Present, Chart of all U.S. Senate seat-holders, by state, 1978–present, A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825, Bill Hammons' American Politics Guide – Members of Congress by Committee and State with Partisan Voting Index, First U.S. Senate session aired by C-SPAN, United States Senate Calendars and Schedules, Information about U.S. Bills and Resolutions, Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations, Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States, First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln, Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way, Drafting and ratification of Constitution, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate&oldid=989763454, Legislative branch of the United States government, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Infobox legislature with background color, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. In practice, however, the choice of members is made by the political parties. The age and citizenship qualifications for senators are more stringent than those for representatives. A senator, however, may challenge the presiding officer's assessment and request a recorded vote. Nun zeigt sich: Die Demokraten halten ihre Mehrheit in … The Constitution authorizes the Senate to elect a president pro tempore (Latin for "president for a time") who presides over the chamber in the vice president's absence, and is, by custom, the senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. In the vice president's absence, the president pro tempore, who is traditionally the senior member of the party holding a majority of seats, presides over the Senate. [62][63] Recess appointments have faced a significant amount of resistance and in 1960, the U.S. Senate passed a legally non-binding resolution against recess appointments. Under the Constitution, the vice president serves as president of the Senate. – Senate 98-29", "U.S. Senate Vacancies: Contemporary Developments and Perspectives", "Temporary Appointment of US Senator Shall not be a candidate in special election", "Democrat Kyrsten Sinema will be Arizona's senior U.S. senator", "Senate Chamber Desks – Names Listed inside the Desk Drawer", "World's greatest deliberative body watch", "Senate reform: Lazing on a Senate afternoon", "How majority rule works in the U.S. Senate", https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/RS20145.pdf, "Secret Sessions of Congress: A Brief Historical Overview", https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/98-718.pdf, "Filibusters and arcane obstructions in the Senate", The Origination Clause of the U.S. Constitution: Interpretation and Enforcement, The Invention of the United States Senate, Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics, Bills for Raising Revenue Under the Federal and State Constitutions, "This Is What Happened Last Time a Cabinet Nomination Was Rejected", Taking Text and Structure Seriously: Reflections on Free-Form Method in Constitutional Interpretation, U.S. senator bibliography (congressional memoirs), The Years of Lyndon Johnson. Under FERS, senators contribute 1.3% of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2% of their salary in Social Security taxes. Senat usa sitzverteilung 2020 Wahl zum Senat der Vereinigten Staaten 2018 - Wikipedi . The presiding officer sometimes uses the gavel of the Senate to maintain order. These include the approval of treaties, and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries, Supreme Court justices, federal judges, flag officers, regulatory officials, ambassadors, other federal executive officials and federal uniformed officers. Affiliation Members Republican Party: 53 Democratic Party: 45 Independent Fifteen senators have been expelled in the Senate's history: William Blount, for treason, in 1797, and fourteen in 1861 and 1862 for supporting the Confederate secession. Instead, quorum calls are generally used to temporarily delay proceedings; usually such delays are used while waiting for a senator to reach the floor to speak or to give leaders time to negotiate. In 2004, Alaska enacted legislation and a separate ballot referendum that took effect on the same day, but that conflicted with each other. The Capitol Police handle routine police work, with the sergeant at arms primarily responsible for general oversight. Angegeben ist das Jahr, in dem die Wahl stattfand, und die daraus resultierende Sitzverteilung (nicht berücksichtigt sind Änderungen während der Legislaturperiode). www.senate.gov. [50] The second-highest member, the spokesperson on the committee for the minority party, is known in most cases as the ranking member. Closed sessions are rare and usually held only when the Senate is discussing sensitive subject matter such as information critical to national security, private communications from the president, or deliberations during impeachment trials. Kongress. The Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. The Senate conducts trials of those impeached by the House. The Twelfth Amendment requires the Senate to choose from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes. [31] In this respect, the Senate differs from the House of Commons of the United Kingdom and other parliamentary bodies in the Commonwealth of Nations and elsewhere. Bills and nominees are not referred to joint committees. Der Senat der Vereinigten Staaten (englisch United States Senate) ist neben dem Repräsentantenhaus eine der beiden Kammern des Kongresses der Vereinigten Staaten, eines Zweikammer-Parlaments (Bikameralismus) nach britischer Tradition. The Senate's chief administrative officer is the secretary of the Senate, who maintains public records, disburses salaries, monitors the acquisition of stationery and supplies, and oversees clerks. They are the Russell Senate Office Building, the Dirksen Senate Office Building, and the Hart Senate Office Building. [6] The Senate president and presiding officer is the vice president of the United States. For instance, the Constitution provides that the president may make an appointment during a congressional recess without the Senate's advice and consent. Committees may be established on an ad hoc basis for specific purposes; for instance, the Senate Watergate Committee was a special committee created to investigate the Watergate scandal. Hence, the power of joint committees is considerably lower than those of standing committees. Holds are considered private communications between a senator and the leader, and are sometimes referred to as "secret holds". "The Term of A Senator – When Does It Begin and End? A bill can be held for as long as the senator who objects to the bill wishes to block its consideration. [13] Problems with repeated vacant seats due to the inability of a legislature to elect senators, intrastate political struggles, bribery and intimidation gradually led to a growing movement to amend the Constitution to allow for the direct election of senators.[14]. In most of these states, the nominee may receive only a plurality, while in some states, a runoff is required if no majority was achieved. [55][56][57][58] Historically, the Senate has disputed the interpretation advocated by the House. An agrarian law would soon take place. The Senate, therefore, ought to be this body; and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The presiding officer calls on senators to speak (by the rules of the Senate, the first senator who rises is recognized); ruling on points of order (objections by senators that a rule has been breached, subject to appeal to the whole chamber); and announcing the results of votes. Independents and members of third parties (so long as they do not caucus support either of the larger parties) are not considered in determining which is the majority party. If the Senate invokes cloture, debate does not necessarily end immediately; instead, it is limited to up to 30 additional hours unless increased by another three-fifths vote. One was intended to be a "People's House" directly elected by the people, and with short terms obliging the representatives to remain close to their constituents. This was achieved by dividing the senators of the 1st Congress into thirds (called classes), where the terms of one-third expired after two years, the terms of another third expired after four, and the terms of the last third expired after six years. The vote is closed at the discretion of the presiding officer, but must remain open for a minimum of 15 minutes. The presiding officer puts the question, and Members respond either "Yea/Aye" (in favor of the motion) or "Nay" (against the motion). The Twentieth Amendment, however, changed the opening date for sessions to noon on the third day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. In the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began. Committees may block nominees and impede bills from reaching the floor of the Senate. They also have considerable influence: senators who cooperate with their committee chairs are likely to accomplish more good for their states than those who do not. Sitzverteilung im US-Senat 100 Sitze Für Präsident Barack Obama und die Demokraten hatte der Verlust der kleinen Kongresskammer enorme Konsequenzen: Unter dem Mehrheitsführer Mitch McConnell verhinderten die Republikaner, dass von Obama nominierte Bundesrichter und auch Richter des Obersten Gerichtshofs tatsächlich im Amt bestätigt wurden. Ballot access rules for independent and minor party candidates also vary from state to state. In 2006, the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under CSRS was $60,972, while those who retired under FERS, or in combination with CSRS, was $35,952. The Senate commonly waives some of its stricter rules by unanimous consent. The constitutional provision barring the Senate from introducing revenue bills is based on the practice of the British Parliament, in which only the House of Commons may originate such measures.[59]. All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer, who is addressed as "Mr. President" or "Madam President", and not to another member; other Members must be referred to in the third person. Senators serve terms of six years each; the terms are staggered so that approximately one-third of the seats are up for election every two years. [19]:9, In September 2009, Massachusetts changed its law to enable the governor to appoint a temporary replacement for the late senator Edward Kennedy until the special election in January 2010.[20][21]. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority. The District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation or allowed to vote in either house of Congress. [25][26] In June 2003, at least 40 senators were millionaires;[27] in 2018, over 50 senators were millionaires. In Georgia, a runoff between the top two candidates occurs if the plurality winner in the general election does not also win a majority. Many non-member officers are also hired to run various day-to-day functions of the Senate. Another official is the sergeant at arms who, as the Senate's chief law enforcement officer, maintains order and security on the Senate premises. Except for the president of the Senate, the Senate elects its own officers,[1] who maintain order and decorum, manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate, and interpret the Senate's rules, practices and precedents. 62, James Madison justified this arrangement by arguing that the "senatorial trust" called for a "greater extent of information and stability of character". Each party elects an assistant leader (whip) who works to ensure that his party's senators vote as the party leadership desires. A senator elected in a special election takes office as soon as possible after the election and serves until the original six-year term expires (i.e. Senat. That fell two votes short of the 60 needed to approve the measure".[43]. The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution disqualifies as senators any federal or state officers who had taken the requisite oath to support the Constitution but who later engaged in rebellion or aided the enemies of the United States. Officials whose appointments require the Senate's approval include members of the Cabinet, heads of most federal executive agencies, ambassadors, justices of the Supreme Court, and other federal judges. In other cases (for example, for the budget process), limits are imposed by statute. Because of this, outright rejections of nominees on the Senate floor are infrequent (there have been only nine Cabinet nominees rejected outright in United States history). View the 2020 US Senate election results to get updates on the balance of power between Republicans and Democrats. Davidson, Roger H., and Walter J. Oleszek, eds. Such temporary committees cease to exist after fulfilling their tasks. This means that 41 senators can make a filibuster happen. Contact   |   The majority of nominees are confirmed, but in a small number of cases each year, Senate committees purposely fail to act on a nomination to block it. A convicted official is automatically removed from office; in addition, the Senate may stipulate that the defendant be banned from holding office. The Senate uses committees (and their subcommittees) for a variety of purposes, including the review of bills and the oversight of the executive branch. The upper house may add to them what it pleases; may go altogether outside of their original provisions and tack to them entirely new features of legislation, altering not only the amounts but even the objects of expenditure, and making out of the materials sent them by the popular chamber measures of an almost totally new character.[60]. The Senate may expel a senator by a two-thirds vote. Furthermore, as the Supreme Court held in Myers v. United States, although the Senate's advice and consent is required for the appointment of certain executive branch officials, it is not necessary for their removal. However, courts have upheld the validity of such agreements.[65]. The starting amount of a senator's retirement annuity may not exceed 80% of their final salary. Other joint committees serve to make advisory reports; for example, there exists a Joint Committee on Taxation. Committee chairmen have less power and are generally more moderate and collegial in exercising it, than they were before reform. If the vice president is not present, the motion fails. However, the Constitution's Origination Clause provides that "All bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives". [26], According to the convention of Senate seniority, the senator with the longer tenure in each state is known as the "senior senator"; the other is the "junior senator". Each party is allocated seats on committees in proportion to its overall strength. Apart from rules governing civility, there are few restrictions on the content of speeches; there is no requirement that speeches pertain to the matter before the Senate. Forty-eight of the desks date back to 1819, when the Senate chamber was reconstructed after the original contents were destroyed in the 1812 Burning of Washington. If no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president, the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office. They have official non-voting delegates in the House of Representatives, but none in the Senate. Some senators have opted to withdraw from their re-election races rather than face certain censure or expulsion, such as Robert Torricelli in 2002. The Senate may end a filibuster by invoking cloture. A filibuster may entail long speeches, dilatory motions, and an extensive series of proposed amendments. [26] Senators are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS) or Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS). The proceedings remain sealed indefinitely until the Senate votes to remove the injunction of secrecy. The assistant secretary of the Senate aids the secretary's work. If the sitting president of the United States is being tried, the chief justice of the United States presides over the trial. The effect of the ballot-approved law is to withhold from the governor authority to appoint a senator. Once the need for a delay has ended, a senator may request unanimous consent to rescind the quorum call. [24], The annual salary of each senator, since 2009, is $174,000;[25] the president pro tempore and party leaders receive $193,400. Some joint committees oversee independent government bodies; for instance, the Joint Committee on the Library oversees the Library of Congress. The Constitution requires that senators take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution. Further desks of similar design were added as new states entered the Union. So help me God. IV, Historical Statistics, 1789–1992, This page was last edited on 20 November 2020, at 22:02. Recent criticisms of the Senate's operations object to what the critics argue is obsolescence as a result of partisan paralysis and a preponderance of arcane rules.[52][53]. Like the House of Representatives, the Senate meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. At one end of the chamber of the Senate is a dais from which the presiding officer presides. On occasion, the Senate may go into what is called a secret or closed session. )[66] Only three presidents of the United States have ever been impeached: Andrew Johnson in 1868, Bill Clinton in 1998 and Donald Trump in 2019. The president can make certain appointments only with the advice and consent of the Senate. The United States Senate is made up of 100 members, two from each of the 50 states.Below is a list of the current U.S. However, when the Senate originates an appropriations bill, the House simply refuses to consider it, thereby settling the dispute in practice. Nevertheless, presidents have frequently used recess appointments to circumvent the possibility that the Senate may reject the nominee. The presiding officer enforces the rules of the Senate, and may warn members who deviate from them. However, the right to unlimited debate is generally preserved. Derzeit ist noch nicht klar, welche der beiden Parteien eine Mehrheit von mindestens 51 Sitzen erreichen wird. The Constitution empowers the House of Representatives to impeach federal officials for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors" and empowers the Senate to try such impeachments. [citation needed], The Senate also has a role in ratifying treaties. In discharging their duties, standing committees have the power to hold hearings and to subpoena witnesses and evidence. The Constitution provides that the president may only "make Treaties, provided two thirds of the senators present concur" in order to benefit from the Senate's advice and consent and give each state an equal vote in the process. This is accomplished by limiting all Senate floor debate to 20 hours. Thus, the presiding officer has little control over the course of debate. Instead, they have usually presided only on ceremonial occasions, such as swearing in new senators, joint sessions, or at times to announce the result of significant legislation or nomination, or when a tie vote on an important issue is anticipated. Each state is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years. [34] For much of the nation's history the task of presiding over Senate sessions was one of the vice president's principal duties (the other being to receive from the states the tally of electoral ballots cast for president and vice president and to open the certificates "in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives", so that the total votes could be counted). In Washington, California, and Louisiana, a nonpartisan blanket primary (also known as a "jungle primary" or "top-two primary") is held in which all candidates participate in a single primary regardless of party affiliation and the top two candidates in terms of votes received at the primary election advance to the general election, where the winner is the candidate with the greater number of votes. Such bodies are generally known as select or special committees; examples include the Select Committee on Ethics and the Special Committee on Aging. The Senate's legislative and executive business is managed and scheduled by the Senate majority leader. Furthermore, the House of Representatives holds that the Senate does not have the power to originate appropriation bills, or bills authorizing the expenditure of federal funds. This last role was particularly important in mid-century, when floor amendments were thought not to be collegial. November 2020 die Zusammensetzung dieser oberen Kammer des Kongresses der Vereinigten Staaten bestimmt. Each party elects Senate party leaders. Current senators whose six-year terms are set to expire on January 3, 2021, belong to Class II. The drafters of the Constitution created a bicameral Congress primarily as a compromise between those who felt that each state, since it was sovereign, should be equally represented, and those who felt the legislature must directly represent the people, as the House of Commons did in Great Britain. Lee, Frances E. and Oppenheimer, Bruce I. Vol. A senator may request a quorum call by "suggesting the absence of a quorum"; a clerk then calls the roll of the Senate and notes which members are present. [32] It is a tradition that each senator who uses a desk inscribes his or her name on the inside of the desk's drawer.[33]. The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building in Washington, D.C. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise. Bei der Wahl zum Senat der Vereinigten Staaten 2020 wurde planmäßig am 3. Under Article II, Section 2, of the Constitution, a large number of government appointments are subject to potential confirmation; however, Congress has passed legislation to authorize the appointment of many officials without the Senate's consent (usually, confirmation requirements are reserved for those officials with the most significant final decision-making authority). The Twentieth Amendment also states that Congress shall assemble at least once in every year and allows Congress to determine its convening and adjournment dates and other dates and schedules as it desires. Der Senat der Vereinigten Staaten (englisch United States Senate) ist neben dem Repräsentantenhaus eine der beiden Kammern des Kongresses der Vereinigten Staaten, eines Zweikammer-Parlaments (Bikameralismus) nach britischer Tradition. Both Houses must pass the same version of the bill; if there are differences, they may be resolved by sending amendments back and forth or by a conference committee, which includes members of both bodies. Es ist völlig legal, dass Trump die Vorwürfe auf Wahlunregelmäßigkeiten prüfen lassen will, er habe jedes Recht dazu, erklärt der republikanische Mehrheitsführer im US-Senat, Mitch McConnell. The manner by which the Seventeenth Amendment is enacted varies among the states. The length of these speeches is not limited by the rules; thus, in most cases, senators may speak for as long as they please. There are currently 100 senators representing the 50 states. The Senate majority leader is responsible for controlling the agenda of the chamber by scheduling debates and votes. In the general election, the winner is the candidate who receives a plurality of the popular vote. No further punishment is permitted during the impeachment proceedings; however, the party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law. [61], The powers of the Senate concerning nominations are, however, subject to some constraints. Historically, cloture has rarely been invoked because bipartisan support is usually necessary to obtain the required supermajority, so a bill that already has bipartisan support is rarely subject to threats of filibuster. The latter identifies executive resolutions, treaties, and nominations reported out by Senate committee(s) and awaiting Senate floor action. Sitzverteilung im Senat in den USA nach Midterm-Wahlen 2018; Sitzverteilung im Repräsentantenhaus in den USA nach Midterm-Wahlen 2018; US-Wahl 2020: Umfrage zur Akzeptanz des Wahlausgangs; US-Wahl 2020 - Trump vs. Biden: Anzahl der Wahlmänner und Wahlfrauen ; US-Wahl: Trump vs. Biden - Umfragewerte in den USA 2020 ; US-Wahl 2020: Umfrage zum Grund der Wahlentscheidung der … November statt.

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