[9] History per se might be arid and reductive but it contained within it the potential for a categorical interpretation allowing Wagner to make use of Leopold August Warnkönig's (1835-42), three volume Flandrische Staats- und Rechtsgeschichte bis zum Jahr 1305 to be mined for an accurate evocation of tenth century Brabant. Wagner's opinion is that it should be sufficient for the audience to deduce the Grail's advice. Conducted by Charles Lamoureux, the performance starred Ernest van Dyck as the title hero, Fidès Devriès as Elsa, Marthe Duvivier as Ortrud, Emil Blauwaert as Telramund, and Félix-Adolphe Couturier as Heinrich. On 30 May 1846 Wagner wrote to the journalist Hermann Franck [de] regarding the relationship between Lohengrin and Elsa. [35] The Herald further announces that the Knight will lead the people to glorious new conquests, and will celebrate the marriage of himself and Elsa. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Text from Wolfram von Eschenbach: Parzival, book XVI", Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Peter Bassett, "An Introduction to Wagner's, "Elsa's reason: on beliefs and motives in Wagner's, Libretto and leitmotifs in German, Italian and English, International Music Score Library Project, Portrait of the opera in the online opera guide www.opera-inside.com, Das Judenthum in der Musik (Jewishness in Music), International Association of Wagner Societies, List of films using the music of Richard Wagner, The Myths and Legends of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lohengrin_(opera)&oldid=988852275, Articles with incomplete citations from April 2020, Articles with Italian-language sources (it), Articles needing additional references from August 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2015, Articles with International Music Score Library Project links, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz work identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Scene 4 opening, "Elsa's Procession to the Cathedral", This page was last edited on 15 November 2020, at 17:14. In 1913, the famous Moravian tenor Leo Slezak is reported to have missed hopping on the swan, afterwards turning to Elsa with the question: "Wann geht der nächste Schwan?" He claims that his defeat in combat was invalid because the Knight did not give his name (trial by combat traditionally being open only to established citizens), then accuses the Knight of sorcery. [30], The first Chicago performance of the opera took place at the Auditorium Building (now part of Roosevelt University) on 9 November 1891. Elsa in particular must never ask his name, or his heritage, or his origin. Lohengrin tells Elsa that if she had kept her promise, she could have recovered her lost brother, and gives her his sword, horn and ring, for he is to become the future leader of Brabant. He tells the King that Elsa has broken her promise, and discloses his identity ("In fernem Land") by recounting the story of the Holy Grail and of Monsalvat. Elīna Garanča, Jonas Kaufmann, Coterminously, Wagner began work on a second-draft of the poem, beginning with act 3. [30], Lohengrin was first performed as part of the Bayreuth Festival in 1894, in a production directed by the composer's widow, Cosima Wagner, with Willi Birrenkoven [de] and Ernst van Dyck, Emil Gerhäuser [de] alternating as Lohengrin, Lillian Nordica as Elsa, Marie Brema as Ortrud and Demeter Popovic as Telramund and was conducted by Felix Mottl. Lohengrin is scored for the following instruments: The people of the Duchy of Brabant are divided by quarrels and political infighting; also, a devious hostile power left over from the region's pagan past is seeking to subvert the prevailing monotheistic government and to return the Duchy to pagan rule. The laws of the Holy Grail say that Knights of the Grail must remain anonymous. The Knight refuses to reveal his identity and claims that only one person in the world has the right to make him do so: his beloved Elsa, and she has pledged not to exercise that right. To this end, Wagner decided not to alter act 1 or 2 but to write new lines in act 3: O Elsa! The most popular and recognizable part of the opera is the Bridal Chorus, colloquially known as "Here Comes the Bride," usually played as a processional at weddings. Lucas's critical study of the "Wartburg war" but also included a piece of criticism about the poem Lohengrin, together with a lengthy narrative of the rambling epic's principal content. Elsa and her new husband are ushered in with the well-known bridal chorus, and they express their love for each other. Auguste Vianesi conducted the performance, which featured Ernesto Nicolini as Lohengrin, Emma Albani as Elsa, Anna D'Angeri as Ortruda, Maurel as Friedrich, and Wladyslaw Seideman as Heinrich. [17] Wagner confesses that Franck's concerns have forced him to look objectively at the poem and to consider ways of making Lohengrin's involvement in the tragic outcome clearer than had previously been the case. The troops arrive equipped for war. At this time Wagner was still trying to clarify the precise nature of the tragedy, and the extent to which he needed to spell out the mechanics of the tragedy to the audience. [2], Lohengrin was written and composed between 1845 and 1848 when Wagner worked as Kapellmeister at the Royal Dresden court. Die Leipziger Oper will im einmaligen Festival "Wagner22" alle 13 Opern des Komponisten Richard Wagner aufführen. But I was fooling myself: no sooner had I stepped into the noonday bath than I was seized by such desire to write Lohengrin that, incapable of lingering in the bath for the prescribed hour, I leapt out after only a few minutes, scarcely took the time to clothe myself again properly, and ran like a madman to my quarters to put what was obsessing me on paper. The opera's genesis, however, starts some years earlier when Wagner was living and working in Paris. Elsa kneels and prays that God may send her champion to her. If she violates this requirement, he will be forced to leave her. A dove descends from heaven and, taking the place of the swan at the head of the boat, leads Lohengrin to the castle of the Holy Grail. [22] Lohengrin is also the last of Wagner's four "Romantic" operas,[23] and continues with the associative style of tonality that he had previously developed in Tannhäuser. 10.10.2020 Symposium - Richard Wagner und Ludwig van Beethoven zum 250. Here you will find cast lists, libretti, complete scores, and videos. This went on for several days, until the entire dramatic plan for Lohengrin had been set down in full detail.[11]. The crowd exits, cheering and celebrating. King Henry the Fowler has arrived in Brabant, where he has assembled the German tribes in order to expel the marauding Hungarians from his dominions. The opera's first performance outside German-speaking lands was in Riga on 5 February 1855. [14] It is apparent from the letter that Wagner and Franck had been discussing Lohengrin for some time, and Wagner refers back to an earlier argument about the relationship between Lohengrin and Elsa, and in particular whether Elsa's punishment of separation from Lohengrin at the end of the opera is justifiable. He was baptized at St. Thomas Church. Stewart Spencer neither regards the abandonment of the Hohenstaufen projects during the 1840s at this time nor, more specifically, in the musical and formal dissimilarities between Rienzi and Der Fliegende Holländer as symptomatic of a fundamental turn from history towards myth. – Johanna]'s role in it (Albert's daughter – see illustration below) – which is very important & in point of fact the principal role in the work – is bound to turn out the most charming & most moving in the world. Richard Wagner: Complete Opera Collection - Die kompletten Opern - Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Wolfgang Windgassen, Kirsten Flagstad, Richard Wagner, Herbert von Karajan, Wilhelm Furtwängler, Hans Knappertsbusch, Philharmonia Orchestra, Chor & Orchester der Bayreuther Festspie: Amazon.de: Musik The unknown Knight defeats Telramund but spares his life ("Durch Gottes Sieg ist jetzt dein Leben mein"). Richard Wagner. Elsa, though visibly shaken and uncertain, assures him of her confidence. As Elsa and her attendants are about to enter the church, Ortrud rushes to the front of the procession and challenges Elsa to explain who the Knight is and why anyone should follow him. [1] Wagner took up these characters and set the "forbidden question" theme at the core of a story which makes contrasts between the godly and the mundane, and between Early Middle Age Christendom and Germanic paganism. ...In creating this work, my powers of invention & sense of formal structure have played their biggest part to date: the medieval poem which has preserved this highly poetical legend contains the most inadequate & pedestrian account to have come down to us, and I feel very fortunate to have satisfied my desire to rescue what by now is an almost unrecognizable legend from the rubble & decay to which the medieval poet has reduced the poem as a result of his inferior & prosaic treatment of it, & to have restored it to its rich & highly poetical potential by dint of my own inventiveness & reworking of it. For the opera by Salvatore Sciarrino, see, Mein lieber Schwan... O Elsa! He had discontinued composing it at the end of Act II of Siegfried, the third of the Ring tetralogy, to create his radical chromatic masterpiece of the late 1850s, Tristan und Isolde, and his lyrical comic opera of the mid-1860s, Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg. [32] The first performance in Italy took place seven months later at the Teatro Comunale di Bologna on 1 November 1871 in an Italian translation by operatic baritone Salvatore Marchesi [Wikidata]. Welcome to the world of composer Richard Wagner. He will seal his own doom when the gleam of his godly form destroys his lover. Die Leipziger Oper will im einmaligen Festival "Wagner22" alle 13 Opern des Komponisten Richard Wagner aufführen. Is the man who craves for God not destroyed? By 3 August 1845 he had worked out the prose draft. Lohengrin, WWV 75, is a Romantic opera in three acts composed and written by Richard Wagner, first performed in 1850. Wagner asks Franck if he should explicitly mention the specific rule associated with the Grail which, although not expressly forbidding the Grail knights from committing such excesses, nevertheless, discourages them from acting in this way. She tells Elsa that the swan is actually Gottfried, Elsa's brother, whom she cursed to become a swan. Ortrud's words, however, have made an impression on Elsa; she laments that her name sounds so sweet on her husband's lips but she cannot utter his name. 1869-1876: Der „Ring“ besteht aus den vier Opern von Wagner: Das … Wilhelm Richard Wagner (1813-1883) war ein deutscher Komponist, Dramatiker, Dichter, Schriftsteller, Theaterregisseur und Dirigent. As it turned out Rienzi in Berlin was not a success and Lohengrin was not performed there until 1859. Ein Bühnenfestspiel für drei Tage und einen Vorabend - Das Werk, die Wirkung. Lohengrin, WWV 75, is a Romantic opera in three acts composed and written by Richard Wagner, first performed in 1850. diess muss die Strafe, diess die Sühne sein! His plan to lie beside a brook communing with Titurel and Parzival didn’t last long and the longing to create was overpowering: Lohengrin stood suddenly revealed before me in full armor at the center of a comprehensive dramatic adaptation of the whole material. – But quite apart from all this, how felicitous a libretto it has turned out to be! B. zur Entstehungszeit – zu sämtlichen Entwürfen, … [26] Despite the inadequacies of the lead tenor Karl Beck,[27] it was an immediate popular success. Elsa comes forward, then the Knight. The orchestral preludes to Acts I and III are also frequently performed separately as concert pieces. Mit seiner Schrift Das Judenthum in der Musik gehört er geistesgeschichtlich zu den obsessiven Verfechtern des Antisemitismus. She asks him to tell her his name when no one else is around, but at all instances he refuses. A mysterious knight, sent by God and possessing superhuman charisma and fighting ability, arrives to unite and strengthen the people, and to defend the innocent noble woman Elsa from a false accusation of murder, but he imposes a condition: the people must follow him without knowing his identity. [citation needed]. Wagner attempted at the same time to weave elements of Greek tragedy into the plot. Telramund's supporters advise him to withdraw because he cannot prevail against the Knight's powers, but he proudly refuses. Lohengrin prays and the swan turns back into young Gottfried. Effective, attractive, impressive & affecting in all its parts! There was however an 1881 French performance given as a Benefit, in the Cercle de la Méditerranée Salon at Nice, organized by Sophie Cruvelli, in which she took the role of Elsa. In 1936, at the Metropolitan Opera, the same thing happened to Danish tenor Lauritz Melchior[40], This article is about the opera by Richard Wagner. Jonas Kaufmann, In the summer of 1845 Wagner with his wife Minna planned their annual hydrotherapeutic visit to Marienbad. Although he conducted various extracts in concert in Zurich, London, Paris and Brussels, it was not until 1861 in Vienna that he was able to attend a full performance.[28]. Anja Harteros, © 2007-2020 Opernreiseführer. You must understand: [31] Conducted by Adolf Neuendorff, the cast included Theodor Habelmann as Lohengrin, Luise Garay-Lichtmay as Elsa, Marie Frederici as Ortrud, Adolf Franosch as Heinrich and Edward Vierling as Telramund. Campanini portrayed the title role with Christina Nilsson as Elsa, Emmy Fursch-Madi as Ortrud, Giuseppe Kaschmann as Telramund, Franco Novara as Heinrich, and Auguste Vianesi conducting. I as you suffer this cruel pain! Romantische Oper in drei Aufzügen. this the atonement, this the Grail's command![19]. A boat drawn by a swan appears on the river and in it stands a knight in shining armour. The opera's first performance in Australia took place at the Prince of Wales Theatre in Melbourne on 18 August 1877. In Augus… Wagner himself was unable to attend the first performance, having been exiled because of his part in the 1849 May Uprising in Dresden. Geburtstag - Der große Spätromantiker Wagner verneigt sich vor Beethoven. Das Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis (WWV) ist ein Verzeichnis aller musikalischen Werke des Komponisten Richard Wagner, das im Rahmen der Gesamtausgabe der Werke Richard Wagners von John Deathridge, Martin Geck und Egon Voss erarbeitet und vom Schott-Verlag 1986 herausgegeben wurde.. Das Verzeichnis enthält fundierte Nachweise – z. When the King asks Elsa who shall be her champion, Elsa describes a knight she has beheld in her dreams ("Des Ritters will ich wahren"). Er gründete die ausschließlich der Aufführung eigener Werke gewidmeten Festspiele in dem von ihm geplanten Bayreuther Festspielhaus. [30], The United Kingdom premiere of Lohengrin took place at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, on 8 May 1875 using the Italian translation by Marchesi. Elsa is stricken with grief and falls to the ground dead. The Knight defeats and kills Telramund. Uraufführung 1843 in Dresden. Als meine Augen dich zuerst ersah'n, Later, in the same act, when Elsa calls on Lohengrin to punish her, the latter replies: Nur eine Strafe giebt's für dein Vergeh'n Ortrud warns Elsa that since she knows nothing about her rescuer, he could leave at any time as suddenly as he came, but Elsa is sure of the Knight's virtues. When Elsa appears on the balcony before dawn, she hears Ortrud lamenting and pities her. Before the Knight can answer, Telramund and his four recruits rush into the room in order to attack him. This website is an examination of the life of this composer. I struggled manfully against the temptation to set down the plan on paper. Richard Wagner was born to an ethnic German family in Leipzig, who lived at No 3, the Brühl (The House of the Red and White Lions) in the Jewish quarter. ach, mich wie dich trifft ihre herbe Pein! "Das Rheingold" eröffnete Richard Wagner mit einem langen tiefen Ton von acht Kontrabässen. Mallinger also took the role of Elsa in the work's premiere at the Berlin State Opera on 6 April 1869. The Palais Garnier staged the work for the first time the following 16 September with van Dyck as Lohengrin, Rose Caron as Elsa, Caroline Fiérens-Peters as Ortrud, Maurice Renaud as Telramund and Charles Douaillier as Heinrich. Many consider the Act I prelude Wagner's greatest single composition, an inspiring free-variation curtain-raiser on one soaring theme starting and ending softly on divided violins in high register, then building to a mighty climax with full brass and two climactic cymbal crashes in a classic orchestral crescendo-diminuendo, gradually approaching the one climax and then just as gradually receding, to end as ethereally as it started in the high divided violins, and representing the descent of the Holy Grail (the cup out of which Christ legendarily drank out of in the Last Supper the night before his crucifixion) from Heaven back down to Earth. A towering figure of the 19th century, Wagner is best remembered for the operas he composed; works which changed the course of Western music, and the craft of theatrical staging. zu dir fühlt' ich in Liebe mich entbrannt, The complete draft of act 3 was completed before the second-draft of acts 1 and 2. Lohengrin, WWV 75, is a Romantic opera in three acts composed and written by Richard Wagner, first performed in 1850.The story of the eponymous character is taken from medieval German romance, notably the Parzival of Wolfram von Eschenbach and its sequel Lohengrin, itself inspired by the epic of Garin le Loherain.It is part of the Knight of the Swan legend. Wagner Operas -- The Operas This is a list of Richard Wagner's thirteen completed operas. Ah! The literary figure of Lohengrin first appeared as a supporting character in the final chapter of the medieval epic poem Parzival of Wolfram von Eschenbach. He demands that the Knight must reveal his name; otherwise the King should rule the trial by combat invalid. Scene 2: On the banks of the Scheldt (as in act 1). He disembarks, dismisses the swan, respectfully greets the king, and asks Elsa if she will have him as her champion and marry him. King Ludwig II of Bavaria named his castle Neuschwanstein Castle after the Swan Knight. In a letter to Ferdinand Heine dated 6 August 1847, Wagner announced that he had completed the Lohengrin opera: I feel pleased and happy as a result, since I am well satisfied with what I have done. Wagner, with his head in a whirl, wrote to his brother, Albert, the following day, 4 August 1845: ...it was in this frame of mind yesterday that I finished writing out a very full & detailed scenario for Lohengrin; I am delighted with the result, indeed I freely admit that it fills me with a feeling of proud contentment. Telramund secretly draws the four noblemen aside and assures them that he will regain his position and stop the Knight, by accusing him of sorcery. As Elsa descends to open the castle door, Ortrud prays to her pagan gods, Wodan and Freia, for malice, guile, and cunning, in order to deceive Elsa and restore pagan rule to the region. ... the more familiar I have become with my new subject & the more profoundly I have grasped its central idea, the more it has dawned upon me how rich & luxurious the seed of this new idea is, a seed which has grown into so full & burgeoning a flower that I feel happy indeed. Wagner uses the letter firstly to argue in favour of his version and secondly to expand upon the more general mythical structure underpinning the relationship between Lohengrin and Elsa - a theme he would publicly develop in his 1851 autobiographical essay A Communication To My Friends. Elsa falls back into the crowd where Ortrud and Telramund try to intimidate her, but the Knight forces them both to leave the ceremony, and consoles Elsa. Night in the courtyard outside the cathedral. He reveals himself as Lohengrin, Knight of the Grail and son of King Parsifal, sent to protect an unjustly accused woman. [33], La Scala produced the opera for the first time on 30 March 1873, with Campanini as Lohengrin, Gabrielle Krauss as Elsa, Philippine von Edelsberg as Ortrud, Victor Maurel as Friedrich, and Gian Pietro Milesi as Heinrich. The sun rises and the people assemble. The King calls for Elsa to answer Telramund's accusation. Click on the pictures or the title to read or download information about each work. Wilhelm Richard Wagner (1813-1883) war ein deutscher Komponist, Dramatiker, Dichter, Schriftsteller, Theaterregisseur und Dirigent. Was hast du mir angethan? Telramund, a strong and seasoned warrior, agrees enthusiastically. The Duke's guardian, Count Friedrich von Telramund, has accused the Duke's older sister, Elsa, of murdering her brother in order to become Duchess of Brabant. Performed in Italian, the production starred Jean de Reszke as the title hero, Emma Eames as Elsa and Édouard de Reszke as Heinrich. By late 1841, Wagner had conceived a five-act historical opera based on the Hohenstaufen dynasty entitled Die Sarazenin (The Saracen Woman)[3] and, although he lavished on it all the trappings of Grand Opera, his attention was soon distracted by a Volksbuch that he obtained through his friendship with the philologist Samuel Lehrs. He asks only one thing in return for his service: Elsa must never ask him his name or where he has come from. Wagner's father Carl died of typhus six months after Richard's birth. Elsa tells both of them that Ortrud was interrupting the ceremony. On 9th September 1846 Wagner began to elaborate the instrumental and choral parts which along with the Prelude was completed on 29 August 1847.[13]. Mit seinen Musikdramen gilt er als einer der bedeutendsten Erneuerer der europäischen Musik im 19. The King tells Ortrud to step aside, then leads Elsa and the Knight toward the church. It was King Ludwig's patronage that later gave Wagner the means and opportunity to complete, build a theatre for, and stage his epic cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen. Lösungen für „Oper von Richard Wagner” 21 Kreuzworträtsel-Lösungen im Überblick Anzahl der Buchstaben Sortierung nach Länge Jetzt Kreuzworträtsel lösen! [5], Seeking a more authentic picture of the Tannhäuser legend, Lehrs then provided Wagner with the annual proceedings of the Königsberg Germanic Society which not only included C.T.L. Writing retrospectively in his extremely readable 1865 biography (even if its royal patronage diminishes its reliability), Wagner tells the story of how Lohengrin's libretto was written. The lover finds that she cannot recognize the god in this form, and demands that he should make the real sensual form of his being known. Getrennt, geschieden sollen wir uns seh'n Taking Elsa by the hand, he declares her innocent. [15] Elsa's punishment, Wagner argues, cannot be chastisement or death but that her separation from Lohengrin: 'this idea of separation- which, if it were left out, would require a total transformation of the subject and probably allow no more than its most superficial externals to be retained'. He wrote the following in Mitteilungen an meine Freunde about his Lohengrin plans: Who doesn't know "Zeus and Semele"? Then, he sorrowfully turns to Elsa and asks her to follow him to the King, to whom he will now reveal his secrets. He also needs to settle a dispute involving the disappearance of the child-Duke Gottfried of Brabant. Mit seinen Musikdramen gilt er als einer der bedeutendsten Erneuerer der europäischen Musik im 19. The first production of Lohengrin was in Weimar, Germany, on 28 August 1850 at the Staatskapelle Weimar under the direction of Franz Liszt, a close friend and early supporter of Wagner. His protection comes under the condition that she must never ask his name. [8] Instead Spencer argues that Wagner did not draw any fundamental distinction between history and myth, and that Wagner's response to myth is dynamic and dialectical. Jahrhundert. Ortrud sinks as she sees her plans thwarted. The people consider Ortrud guilty of witchcraft. mehr erfahren. It is part of the Knight of the Swan legend. Their conversation is interrupted by the entrance of the King with the Knight. [16] Readers of the libretto in English will note that in Amanda Holden's 1990 singing translation for the English National Opera, the Grail's advice is transformed into an explicit commandment, with Holden acknowledging, on her website, that translating a libretto is effectively writing a new one "despite its compulsory faithfulness to the original". The Herald announces that Telramund is now banished, and that anyone who follows Telramund shall be considered an outlaw by the law of the land. The god is in love with a human woman and approaches her in human form. As outlined to Heine, Wagner's plan was to build on the success of the premiere of Rienzi in Berlin on 24 October 1847 with a follow up performance of Lohengrin. Just as they are about to enter the church, Telramund enters. King Henry refuses Telramund's questions, and the nobles of Brabant and Saxony praise and honor the Knight. [13] In September 1848 Wagner conducted excerpts from act 1 at a concert in Dresden to mark the 300th anniversary of the court orchestra (later Dresden Staatskapelle)[21], Lohengrin occupies an ambivalent position within Wagner's aesthetic oeuvre. [24] And Lohengrin is also the last of his composed works before his political exile, and despite the seventeen-year long performance hiatus, Lohengrin's musical style nevertheless anticipates Wagner's future leitmotif technique.[25]. mehr erfahren. Elsa asks the forbidden question because she needs to confirm Lohengrin's belief in her innocence, a belief that Ortrud successfully erodes in act 2. Walter Slezak, "Wann geht der nächste Schwann" dtv 1985. Having completed the second complete draft of act 3 ten months later on 5th March 1847, Wagner returned to the beginning of act 1 and began work on the second draft of act 1 on 12 May and which was complete on 8 June 1847. The opera has inspired other works of art. In the back of the crowd, four noblemen quietly express misgivings to each other because the Knight has rescinded their privileges and is calling them to arms. [29] The work was produced in Munich for the first time at the National Theatre on 16 June 1867, with Heinrich Vogl in the title role and Mathilde Mallinger as Elsa. The combat commences. The King declares that he cannot resolve the matter and will leave it to God's judgment through ordeal by combat. Jahrhundert. Finally, despite his warnings, she asks the Knight the fatal questions. The second complete draft of act 2 was started on 18 June and complete on 2 August 1847. The story of the eponymous character is taken from medieval German romance, notably the Parzival of Wolfram von Eschenbach and its sequel Lohengrin, itself inspired by the epic of Garin le Loherain. [30], Lohengrin was first publicly performed in France at the Eden-Théâtre in Paris on 30 April 1887 in a French translation by Charles-Louis-Étienne Nuitter. Despite Wagner's ostensible rejection of French grand opéra, Lohengrin, like all Wagner's operas, and for that matter his later musikdramas, owes some debt to the form as practised by Auber, Halévy and, irrespective of what Wagner sets out in his prose writings, Meyerbeer.

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